A Study On Employee Engagement Strategy Management Essay

A Study On Employee Engagement Strategy Management Essay Engagement is about creating opportunities for employees to connect with their colleagues, managers and wider organisation. It is also about creating an environment where employees are motivated to want to connect with their work and really care about doing a good job. Why is employee engagement relevant to ITC? Almost all examples quoted in the consultant findings demonstrate an out-and-out lack of employee engagement; moreover, the opposite appears to be the case. At this point, it is important to note that a global survey by BlessingWhite Intelligence (2008) on the state of employee engagement found that that â€Å"Indian workers are among the most focused and satisfied in the world†. In the Asia-Pacific groupings, full engagement for Indian employees reaches 34% in comparison to the lowest of only 10% for China. Moreover, over 65% of respondents said ‘yes when asked if, assuming they had the choice, they would hope to remain within their organisation in 2008. From this, the apparent lack of employee engagement and retention issues apparent within ITC would appear to point to something we are doing wrong as a company. The first question should be: Why is employee engagement important? Links between employee attitudes, employee management and business performance have been repeatedly demonstrated in CIPD (2009) research, and the Aberdeen Group (2009) reported only this year that 82% of ‘Best-in-Class organisations attributed employee engagement initiatives directly to transformations in revenue and / or profitability. Employee engagement spills into the concept of the ‘psychological contract. The ‘psychological contract is a popular framework within which aspects of the employee relationship can be studied (Bratton Gold, 2007; 14). Guest and Conway (2002) define it as â€Å"the perceptions of the two parties, employee and employer, of what their mutual obligations are towards each other†. These obligations tend to differ from individual-to- individual and are often imprecise / unspoken and inferred â€Å"from actions or from what has happened in the past, as well as from statements made by the employer†(CIPD; Employee engagement; RevisedNovember 2009). This contract forms the basis for employer brand (The psychological contract. Revised January 2009) and often employed to promote in staff retention and recruiting drives. For all of the latter reasons, ITC should pay close heed to this contract. After all, taking account of the emotional needs of the employee ought to be a consideration when we consider they are the only resource within our organization that can simply â€Å"walk out†, taking their skills and possible opinions of negative employer brand with them. Customer service issues With regards the consultant reports of customer service issues, several studies have found that employee engagement is an important variable on this front. The CIPD (2009; 2) reported that Visa Europe figures show that employee engagement levels ran parallel with an increase in customer satisfaction. Likewise, it seems institutive that an increase in customer satisfaction would henceforth lead to an increase financial performance. In a recent study within the customer service industry by Chi and Gursoy (2009), empirical support for this link was indeed presented. On the engagement level, while they found employee satisfaction did not appear to impact on financial performance directly, they did find an indirect relationship between the latter, with customer satisfaction acting as the mediator. Storey, on the other hand refers to engagement as EIP (employee involvement and participation) and stated that it is â€Å"thought to contribute to improved levels of worker satisfaction and commitment and, subsequently, organisational performance.† From this it would appear that engaged and satisfied employees are a requirement for customer satisfaction, with customer satisfaction being the strongest indicator in financial performance. It would also appear, however, that all three variables are required to be woven into the same fabric for overall business success. For ITC, without employee engagement / satisfaction, there will little customer satisfaction, and without customer satisfaction there will be no success. The obvious lack of ITC employee engagement at this moment in time is a worrying factor with regards this tripartite equation. Therefore, the obvious question should be how do we tackle employee disengagement, how do we go about driving employee engagement? Employee engagement drivers According to the CIPD (Employee engagement; Revised November 2009), there is no absolute list definitive of engagement ‘drivers. Their research has shown, however, the key employee engagement drivers are: Opportunities to feed employee views upwards Feeling well-informed about what is happening in the organisation The employee believing that their manager is committed to the organisation Most writers agree that one of the most important factors at play with regards employee engagement is reciprocal communication between management and the requirement to keep all employees well informed, etc. As you might imagine, these factors are also very much involved in the psychological contract; it is also suggested that, in a crisis, â€Å"mutually recognised expectations are best shaped by honest communication and solid information† (Dietz 2009). At this moment in ITC history, we might be described as being on the verge of crisis point. Intranet 2.0 One suggestion that appears oddly lacking in ITC since its inception is our lack of corporate Intranet. All of the key engagement drivers suggested above can to some end be addressed with the implementation of an Intranet solution, this of course would not solve all of our problems, but it would at least supplement any other measures we ultimately put into place. This Intranet should not be of the antiquated variety, that is, one where static pages existed, with the sole purpose of providing information. We should be embracing all that Web 2.0 tools have to offer (i.e. highly dynamic / interactive internal social networking tools, instant messaging, wikis, blogs, discussion forums, and RSS feed technologies, etc.). Intranet 2.0 is still very much in its infancy, so the ability to introduce a rich networking environment is very much in line with core business strategies of innovation and creativity. We also have a largely young workforce, and Web 2.0 technology tools are something the younger generation have grown accustomed, and this acquaintance can be employed to our advantage in the recruitment field. When it comes to the employees call to connect with managers, the desire to believe in their commitment, and having the opportunity to have views fed upwards, the sharing medium of Intranet 2.0 is ideally suited to help facilitate these key engagement drivers. Web 2.0 tools flatten company hierarchy by providing a transparent path of communication between employees at all levels, from the Company Director down to the shop floor worker. It can provide staff across geographical location, irrespective of position or intellect, the opportunity to ‘float ideas on new products ranges, best practices, working procedures, etc. via live suggestion boxes. These ideas can appear in real time and will open to further comments / suggestions by all staff. Intranet 2.0 can also provide a channel for feedback on organisational news announcements, strategies, etc. This type of feedback can help â€Å"managers to gain insight into the needs and motivations of employees† (BlessingWhite, I nc. 2008). Indeed, employee attitude surveys[1] can be a regular feature of the system, the results of which can used to measure employee engagement and gauge feeling amongst the workforce, all of which can help ITC identify areas to focus improvement towards. The ability of such an Intranet to training and development tool cannot be underplayed. It can provide the workforce with the most up-to-date product information, tutorials, and marketing material, etc. This information does not have to appear in the way it did pre-Web 2.0, where static pages were displayed across the organisation, meaning each employee would be required to wade through pages in order to arrive at the relevant ‘nugget of information. Intranet 2.0 provides levels of personalisation to the point of providing â€Å"each employee with news updates focused on their job role† (Nielsen, J. 2009). This would be of particular benefit when it comes to areas such as the customer complaints we have been receiving from the call centre regarding staff not being â€Å"up-to-date† on products. For example, this type of system has capability to consistently display individual staff with the most â€Å"up-to-date† products details and Q A scripts, etc. As this Intranet 2.0 proposition is based on helping the flow of communication across the entire organisation, then logically, we would require all staff to have appropriate access to such a system. Head Office, call centre and retails staff are likely to have ready access to PC, laptop, mobile phone technologies in order to do this. In the factory, however, such access is very likely limited. To get around this, deployment of PCs / touch-screens at specific locations throughout the factory is recommended; perhaps inviting factory floor staff to use the system during lunch breaks, etc. Following the suggestion that we allow all employees across the site access the canteen, situating access in this area would also make sense. Web 2.0 technologies and business performance Beyond the obvious communication-flow benefits of Web 2.0 technologies, recent findings by the Aberdeen Group also provide positive figures for their business performance benefits. Saba (2009) reported that they found that 52 % of organisations who employed social networking tools, blogs, and wikis achieved ‘Best-in-Class compared to only 5% for those who did employ them. They also provided figures for Web 2.0 tools relation to employee engagement. They found an 18% average year-on-year increase in employee engagement for organisations employing Web 2.0 technologies in comparison to a mere 1% for those who did not Bratton, J. and Gold, J. (2007) Human Resource Management: Theory and Practice BlessingWhite, Inc. (2008) The State of Employee Engagement 2008 PDF download under heading of ‘Asia Pacific Overview Website: http://www.blessingwhite.com/research.asp?pid=1 Chi, C. G. and Gursoy, D. (2009) School of Hospitality Business Management, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4742, United States International Journal of Hospitality Management 28 (2009) 245-253 Website: http://www.sciencedirect.com CIPD (2009) An HR directors guide to employee engagement; Discussion paper PDF file available at: http://www.cipd.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/8DD2561A-D3E3-4E63-9F63-EF74736A17B1/0/hr_director_guide_employee_engagement.pdf CIPD (Revised January 2009) The psychological contract http://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/empreltns/psycntrct/psycontr.htm CIPD (Revised November 2009) Employee engagement -How do employers build an engaged workforce? Website: http://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/empreltns/general/empengmt.htm Dietz, G. (2009) The psychological contract during the downturn Website: http://www.management-issues.com/2009/8/10/opinion/the-psychological-contract-during-the-downturn.asp Guest, D.E. and Conway, N. (2002) Pressure at work and the psychological contract. London: CIPD Lombardi, M. (2009) Human Capital Management; Employee Engagement is Critical for Organizations Today Website: http://research.aberdeen.com/index.php/analyst-insight/human-capital-management?start=8 Nielsen, J. (2009) Jakob Nielsens Alertbox: 10 Best Intranets of 2009 Website: http://www.useit.com/alertbox/intranet_design.html Saba, J. (2009) Web 2.0 in Talent Management Website: http://research.aberdeen.com/index.php/human-capital-management/86-human-capital-management-insights/588-web-20-in-talent-management

The Giver Essay Dystopia

It is difficult for us to imagine a world without color, personal freedoms, and love, but in this book, the society is exactly this. Being able to make your own choices is really important, most of us don’t realize it right now but it’s important to appreciate freedom. In the Giver, what may seem like a perfect society is actually a dystopia is because theres no individuality, you are assigned a family, and jobs were assigned as well. To begin with, individuality didn’t even exist in this community.Everything is conform, no one is allowed to know their own identity, and everyone’s lives are pre-programmed and ran by the Committee of The Elders. No one had emotions, feelings, or memories. They don’t see color and the weather in neither sunny, rainy, or snowy. Imagine how different life would be without memories or feelings. No stories to tell, not knowing what love is. Therefore, the association that Jonas lives in is dull, pre-planned and un-individ ual.Also, families are assigned in this union. Your placed in a family unit and you aren’t allowed to have your own kids or know your biological parents are. Your paired with a spouse that you don’t even love. How would you feel if your parents were not people who created you? How would you like not knowing who your real parents are? Thus, it’s important to realize how important it is to value your family and freedom because this society had assigned family.Another reason this realm is a dystopia is because jobs are assigned to each person. â€Å" It’s choosing thats important isn’t it? ’’(Pg 110) For instance, being assigned jobs keeps you from living out your dreams and setting goals in life. What if you weren’t able too do what you have a true passion for. How would you like not being able to chose what you want to do for a living. All and all, through these words of evidence, its pretty clear that the community is dystopia .

Hamlet Branaghs Ophelia and Showalters Representing...

Hamlet: Branaghs Ophelia and Showalters Representing Ophelia Ophelia falls to the floor, her screams contrasting eerily with the song pieces she uses as her speech. In an instant she is writhing and thrusting her pelvis in such a gross sexual manner that it becomes clear that, in his film interpretation of William Shakespeares Hamlet, Kenneth Branagh wants to imply a strong relationship between female insanity and female sexuality. Such a relationship is exactly what Elaine Showalter discusses in her essay -- Representing Ophelia: Women, Madness, and the Responsibilities of Feminist Criticism -- I will be showing first of all the representational bonds between female insanity and female sexuality (Showalter 223).†¦show more content†¦Such a deliberate choice by Branagh can be most easily seen by his representation of Ophelia in the mad scene (Hamlet 4.5) and Branaghs inclusion and representation of Ophelia in scenes where she does not appear in the text. In fact, in contrast to past representations of Ophelia when some of her lines were cut, Branagh actually gives his Ophelia more lines than Shakespeare does to better convey Branaghs own interpretation. One such instance occurs when Branagh gives Ophelia a line that is, in the text, Guildensterns: A thing, my lord? (Hamlet 4.2.28). In the Branagh film, Ophelia first appears at the wedding of Claudius and Gertrude ( Hamlet 1.2). Dressed in bright red, with make-up on her face and her hair done beautifully -- up off her face and curled -- Ophelia stands next to her father like a coy maiden: joyfully and dutifully applauding in support of her brother, Laertes, when he obtains permission to leave for France, yet also looking worried about the nighted color of Hamlet. In fact, at the ending of the wedding scene (1.2.129), Ophelia rushes up to comfort Hamlet; she extends her arm and looks as though she will embrace him when Laertes grabs her and leads her off. There is no mention of suchShow MoreRelated Custom Essays: Ophelia as a Sexual Being2180 Words   |  9 PagesOphelia as a Sexual Being in Hamlet      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Elaine Showalters essay, feminist criticism allows Ophelia to upstage Hamlet [and] . . . brings to the foreground . . . the cultural links between femininity, [and] female sexuality (221). In most of his plays, William Shakespeare has many women in secondary roles, only filling dead space or causing strife between men. During Shakespeares time, thoughts of women bordered on weak and deceitful images, leading to the idea of frail, yet conniving

Ece 313 Week 1 Assignment Family Partnerships - 1326 Words

ECE 313 WEEK 1 ASSIGNMENT FAMILY PARTNERSHIPS To purchase this visit here: http://www.activitymode.com/product/ece-313-week-1-assignment-family-partnerships/ Contact us at: SUPPORT@ACTIVITYMODE.COM ECE 313 WEEK 1 ASSIGNMENT FAMILY PARTNERSHIPS Family Partnerships. Chapter 1 focuses on the family-centered approach to early childhood education, highlighting the importance of the partnership between the family, the early childhood program, and the community to maximize a child’s development and learning. For this assignment, you will create a one- to two-page fact sheet (not including title and reference pages) you can provide to the families in your program that explains the values and challenges of a family-centered approach.†¦show more content†¦For this assignment, you will create a one- to two-page fact sheet (not including title and reference pages) you can provide to the families in your program that explains the values and challenges of a family-centered approach. The content on your fact sheet should: 1. Summarize the components of a family-centered approach. 2. Describe five benefits of a family-centered approach. 3. Describe two potential obstacles to overcome in a family-centered approach. 4. Recommend two strategies to overcome obstacles and enlist the support of parents. In addition to the required content, please be creative with your fact sheet. Keep in mind that this is a resource to be used in the classroom, so make it parent friendly and engaging. You may wish to add visuals and pictures. Be sure to also use at least one scholarly source in addition to the text to support the ideas, and cite all references in APA format as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. Activity mode aims to provide quality study notes and tutorials to the students of ECE 313 WEEK 1 ASSIGNMENT FAMILY PARTNERSHIPS in order to ace their studies. ECE 313 WEEK 1 ASSIGNMENT FAMILY PARTNERSHIPS To purchase this visit here: http://www.activitymode.com/product/ece-313-week-1-assignment-family-partnerships/ Contact us

Advertising and Reebok - 6354 Words

Integrated Marketing Communication Assignment On Submitted By: Shivani Mehra 08bs0003152 KAOS Member Table of Contents 1. Overview of The Sector 1 2. Introduction 3 3. Analysis of Reebok Taglines and Logos 6 4. Market Segmentation and Positioning 10 5. Reebok Product Mix†¦show more content†¦The Indian footwear retail market is expected to grow at CAGR of over 20% for the periods spanning from 2008 to 2011. Footwear is expected to comprise about 60% of the total leather exports by 2011 from over 38% in 2006-2007. Presently, the Indian footwear market is dominated by Men’s footwear market that accounts for nearly 58% of the total Indian footwear retail market. By products, the Indian footwear market is dominated by casual footwear market that makes up for nearly two-third of the total footwear retai l market. The Indian footwear market scores over other footwear markets as it gives benefits like low cost of production, abundant raw material, and has huge consumption market. The annual domestic consumption of shoes in India is 1.1 billion pairs and it is estimated that the footwear market is around Rs 10, 000 crore and will grow at 10% pa, this offers great opportunities for a company like Bata to expand. MNC Brands Sold in India are sold Adidas, Aldo, Bally, Clarks, Ecco, Florshiem, Ferragammo, Hush Puppies, Lee cooper, Lloyd, Marks amp; Spencer, Nike, Nine West, New Balance, Reebok, Rockport, Stacy Adams, Levi Strauss , Lee Cooper, Puma, Bata. Indian Brands sold in India are Red Tape, Liberty, Khadims, Lakhani, Metro, Action, Provogue, ID, Mamp;B Footwear, Firangi Reebok: Reebok India commands a 51% market share in the premiumShow MoreRelatedMarketing Concept Of Marketing Concepts1131 Words   |  5 Pagesproduct that I choose and love is Reebok [shoes]. In this Reebok company I talk about a Promotion of a product that how a company promotes his brand. Vision statement: Continue bring inspiration to present and future athletes, while maintaining the company standard of quality for its product. Mission statement: At Reebok, we see the world a little differently and throughout our history have made our mark when we have the courage to challenge conventions. Reebok creates products and marketing programsRead MoreMarketing And Brand Positioning Of A Mixed Martial Arts ( Mma ) Star Essay1269 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction This article is about Reebok hoping to take advantage of the Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) star, Ronda Rousey s domination in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) to revive its struggling business by securing a partnership with her. The main issues that will be analysed are concentrated marketing and brand positioning. Concentrated Marketing Targeting is a crucial skill for any marketer. They are told that in order to achieve effective marketing, one has to identify a target market andRead MoreReebok Ad Campaigns1739 Words   |  7 PagesREEBOK Introduction: Reebok is the oldest running shoe company, having been started by a cobbler in the UK in the 1890s. Capitalizing on American Paul Fireman’s foresight into the dance craze, aerobic craze, and later the rise of casual street basketball shoes, Reebok quickly became the number-one selling running shoe, easily beating and staying ahead of the then near-15-year-old Nike. In 1988, Reebok launched its first brand campaign, U.B.U. (ie, Reebok lets you be you). However, it went up againstRead MoreCase Study : Western Canadian Shoe Association1322 Words   |  6 Pagesmust understand the market’s needs to ensure the success of their businesses. Such information can be gained through research. The industry that will form the basis of this paper is Western Canadian Shoe Association. The three brands under study are Reebok, Adidas, and Nike. Objectives The purpose of this study is to explore three companies by focusing on how the brands have been performing as well as what the customers and other stakeholders are saying about the different brands. This study will alsoRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Athletic Footwear Purchases1312 Words   |  6 Pages Athletic footwear purchases by gender in the U.S. from 2007 to 2014* Chart 2: Source (Statista, 2015). Consumer purchases of sports footwear in the U.S. from 2002 to 2015 (in billion U.S. dollars)* Chart 3: Source (Statista, 2015). â€Å"Reebok purchasers showed tendencies that indicate a busy, go-getting type of personality. For example, they were more likely than average to be intensely work-centered (124), approval seeking (118), informed (114) and into health management (110)† (PackagedRead MoreAdidas: Will Restructuring Its Business Lineup Allow It to Catch Nike?1072 Words   |  5 Pagesand TaylorMade-adidas-Golf, while others business units then divested to Amer Sports Corporation. In October 2005, the company looks the opportunity to strengthen its business focus on footwear, apparel and golf equipment by announcement to acquire Reebok International Ltd. for â‚ ¬3.1 billion ($3.8 billion). The new acquisition would increase Adidas’s annual revenues to nearly â‚ ¬9 billion and give the company much stronger presence in North America, which accounted for 50% of global sporting goods marketRead MoreUnder Armour Essay1001 Words   |  5 Pagesof the strength of competitive pressures stemming from rivalry among Under Armour, Nike and Adidas-Reebok? The Rivalry among competing sellers of sporting goods such as Under Armour, Nike, and Adidas-Reebok is strong and likely to intensify. The rivalry among sporting good sellers of energy will keep growing and will become stronger in coming years. Under Armour. Nike, and Adidas-Reebok have similar or competing product offerings and that is why competition among them is so high. If theseRead More Sports and the Business World Essay1266 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen taking a different approach. Most teams will advertise there big sports star in trying to have people buy there gear, buy tickets, or simply support their team. But the most effective way to market your team is getting to the kids first. In advertising for a younger generation, you will tie the kids in more at an earlier age and hopefully will stay with the team throughout the years. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Reaching tomorrow’s fans, teams seek long-term benefits from marketing to kids andRead MoreNike Marketing Strategy Review1044 Words   |  5 Pageswas simple: Provide high-quality running shoes designed especially for athletes by athletes. Knight believed that high-tech shoes for runners could be manufactured at competitive prices if imported from abroad. Without much cash to do any advertising for his products, Knight crafted his grass roots philosophy of selling athletic shoes: Speaking to athletes in their language and on their level; sharing their true passion for running; and listening to their feedback about his products andRead MoreA Advertisement For Reebok s Sports943 Words   |  4 PagesThis advertisement, for Reebok, shows six pictures of J.J. Watt pulling weights behind him while running in a football stadium with fire behind him. On the bottom of the advertisement is the text, â€Å"PUMP TO FIT. FIT TO IGNITE.†. In the center of the advertisement is a concrete sidewalk with football turf on both sides and Reebok Zpump tennis shoes in the middle of the sidewalk, displaying the little round pump button on the tennis shoes. The thesis for this ad is: Wear these tennis shoes and you will

50 Shades of Grey Review Free Essays

This book’s main characters consisted of Anastasia Steele, an independent, driven college student, who speaks is telling the story, and Christian Grey, CEO of Grey Enterprises Holdings and Co, and is portrayed throughout this book in a sense as if he is every girl’s dream guy. Anastasia is forced to interview Christian Grey for her roommate, Kat, because she had fallen ill. When Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on 50 Shades of Grey Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now Grey meets Anastasia, he is intrigued with her. He then starts to make appearances at her work to buy different items, which come to find out is used sexually for binding and arousal. She is skeptical when he shows up to her hardware store because of his status and wealth. He asks her out for coffee but only for him to draw away from her afterwards. She â€Å"kicks herself† for thinking he would want anything to do with her but he in reality, he withdraws for other reasons than what she had assumed. He sends her a number of really expensive, old school books that she had said she liked but didn’t feel comfortable keeping them because of how pricey they were. Christian comes over to her apartment and discusses the â€Å"contract† to her, which basically states that she will be his sex slave but will not do physical harm to the point of injury, but she lets him know that she is a virgin. Christian eventually ends up taking Anastasia’s virginity, but she still says she needs time to think about the contract, and whether or not she is going to sign it. She is open-minded and willing to trying new things, but more importantly, trying to be a part of his world. Due to the fact that she was inexperienced and unfamiliar with what people are sexually involved with, the crazy things she sees as a curse, she is open to try. He doesn’t want to show her â€Å"his world† all the way because he feels something different for her. She is not just like any of his other submissive partners, but when she asks for it, she experiences something she can’t bare, and then leaves him. Due to this being the first book in a set of a trilogy, it ends with the reader anticipating more, and with much more of a story to tell. Overall the book was a good read and touched on some various topics that are discussed in our class. The main topics that were displayed in this book to me were the sexual response cycle, spontaneous vs. planned sex, intimacy, as well as the use of erotica and fantasy. The sexual response cycle is pretty apparent throughout the majority of the sex scenes in the book. Anastasia is clear to document her stages of arousal and climax during her moments with Christian Grey and is often times overwhelmed or subdued by what she is experiencing. â€Å"He leans down and kisses me, his fingers still moving rhythmically inside me, his thumb circling and pressing. His other hand scoops my hair off my head and holds my head in place. His tongue mirrors the actions of his fingers, claiming me. My legs begin to stiffen as I push against his hand. He gentles his hand, so I’m brought back from the brink †¦ I come instantly again and again, falling apart beneath him †¦ then I’m building again †¦ I climax anew, calling out his name. † (pg. 195, 196) I also noticed the correlation between spontaneous sex and intimacy. It seems that when the sex was planned in this book, there was more intent to have casual sex and heavily influenced with lust. When the sex scenes were spontaneous, the intimacy levels were definitely increased, and often times it seemed as if the sex was more meaningful. Before I know it, he’s got both of my hands in his viselike grip above my head, and he’s pinning me to the wall using his lips †¦ His other hand grabs my hair and yanks down, bringing my face up, and his lips are on mine †¦ My tongue tentatively strokes his and joins his in a slow, erotic dance. † (pg. 78) The main points of this book focused around the topic of fantasy’s and the use of erotica. Christian Grey is into dominance and submissive styl es of sex, and makes it very apparent to Anastasia that this is what he enjoys. Since Anastasia was a virgin at the beginning of the story, she was oblivious to how adventurous and creative sex can be. â€Å"At the touch of leather, I quiver and gasp. He walks around me again, trailing the crop around the middle of my body. On his second circuit, he suddenly flicks the crop, and it hits me underneath my behind †¦ against my sex †¦ The shock runs through me, and it’s the sweetest, strangest, hedonistic feeling †¦ My body convulses at the sweet, stinging bite. My nipples harden and elongate from the assault, and I moan loudly, pulling on my leather cuffs. † (pg. 323) How to cite 50 Shades of Grey Review, Essay examples

Sociology Research Paper free essay sample

How and Does Immigration Affect the American Economy? A Review of the Literature Joshua Kashani, Ahmad Khalil, JD Lindayag, Francis Ignacio Sociology 4 Professor Hoshiar October 3, 2012 Immigration and the Economy ii Immigration and the Economy ii Does Immigration Affect the U. S Economy? A Review of the Literature In this day of age, many Americans are having a hard time looking for jobs due to the economy. The area of concern that we are researching is the effects of immigration on U. S. job employment rates and whether it’s heavily affecting US citizens or not. There are four conflicts which we decided to cover, which are, wages, education, race, and also supply and demand for U. S. workers (Peri, 2010; Anrig, 2004; Camarota, 2010; amp; Smite, 1997). The reason why we decided to research this topic is to provide information on how immigration either a positive or negative effect to the employment rates here in America. With that said, our hypothesis is that immigration will have a negative effect on American workers due to the fact that they will have more competition to the mass immigration over the past decade. The rest of this literature review will be split up into four sections, discussing the four conflicts we have chosen followed by a conclusion. 1 Does the education level depict who is affected more severely by immigration? 2 Does immigration impact wages? 3 Does immigration increase supply of labor create a demand for less American workers? Are different races (location) affected differently by immigration? Effects on Wages Illegal immigration has a dramatic effect on wages in the lower class area of the American economy in many different ways (Caramota, 2005). One way that immigrants affect wages is by working for less money once they arrive to the country (Caramota, 2005). Most of the time the level of education of immigrants is much lower than the level of education of native United Sta tes citizens (Caramota, 2005). This means that if Immigration and the Economy iii Immigration and the Economy iii n immigrant and a native were both working in the same career, the illegal immigrant would tend to earn less money than educated natives, â€Å"in other words immigrants are poorer than natives, but they generally earn wages that commensurate with their skills, which as a group tends to be much lower than natives†(Caramota, 2005, para. 3). Since illegals are willing to work for less money, business owners would rather hire an illegal than a native because they can save a lot of money for the business by doing so (Caramota, 2005). Because the United States has a minimum wage requirement in each state, legal citizens are not able to compete with illegal immigrants by accepting lower wages (Caramota, 2005). Also, since there is a salary tax that every U. S citizen has to pay to the government, natives would be doomed financially if they were taxed on earning wages under the minimum wage requirement (Caramota, 2005). Many employers view immigrants as better employees and it is very common that small businessmen and women will disclose that they favor Hispanic and Asian immigrants over native workers (Caramota, 2005). There are natives who aren’t earning wages since business owners favor hiring immigrants (Caramota, 2005). Consequently, the threat of further immigration will continue to put a downward pressure on wages (Caramota, 2005). Subsequently, immigrants are eager to work for less money and that is always going to keep the wages down in the lower end of the labor market (Caramota, 2005). Even though immigrants bring down wages for those less skilled jobs, â€Å"these wages do not vanish into thin air (Caramota, 2005). Employers now have more money either to pay higher wages to more educated workers or to retain as higher profits†(Caramota, 2005, para. ). The money is being distributed differently due to immigration (Caramota, 2005). The money that is supposed to be spent towards helping the poor is going to the rich (Caramota, 2005). The total earnings of natives without a highs school degree are roughly thirteen-billion dollars lower due to immigration and the total earnings of those with a high school degree are roughly nineteen billions dollars higher, which is a total gain of six billion dollars (Caramota, 2005). Most of the money that the natives without a high school degree lose is in occupations where they have the largest immigration arrival (Caramota, 2004). This also means that these areas are where there is the highest unemployment rates occur in the native job market. There is also a direct correlation with the unemployment of natives and the employment of immigrants (Caramota, 2004). From 2000 to 2004,† the number of unemployed adult natives increased by 2. 3 million, while the number of employed adult immigrants increased by 2. 3 million†(Caramota, 2004, para. 2). There is clear empirical evidence that immigrants are stealing wages from natives based on this study (Caramota, 2004). Immigration and the Economy iv Immigration and the Economy iv Education Issues Immigration is seen by many American citizens as a plague to the American economy. They feel that these immigrants are taking jobs away from American citizens, which can help Americans with the now struggling economy. Although many people feel that immigrants affect all workers, it doesnt. Immigrants mostly focus on and take the unskilled labor jobs that are often neglected by American citizens, at least only the highly skilled and educated American citizens. This leaves only the unskilled and uneducated American citizens to be effected, although the effect is minuscule and shows little harm to the unskilled and uneducated population either. From the studies of Pia M. Orrenius and Madeline Zavondny, researchers at the Federal Reserve Banks of Dallas and Atlanta, annual wages of low skilled and uneducated workers are seen to be slightly effected by immigration workers (Greg Anrig, Tova Andrea Wang, 2004). The wages are seen to be about 2. 4 percent below what they used to be before immigration workers came into place (Greg Anrig, Tova Andrea Wang, 2004). Service related workers and workers with professions have seen to have little to no influence on their wages due to immigration, It may even help and have a positive effect in this case (Greg Anrig, Tova Andrea Wang, 2004). Immigration and the Economy v Immigration and the Economy v But on the other side of the argument, an outspoken supporter of stronger immigration restrictions, George Borjas, a Harvard Economist, states that he has found many more notable and relative negative effects on the earning of unskilled American citizens. †¦ Between 1980 and 2000, when immigration increased the labor supply of working men by 11 percent in the United States, that influx reduced the average annual age of native workers by around 3. 2%. (Greg Anrig, Tova Andrea Wang, 2004) The drop in the wage of the American citizens really differentiated based on the education of the workers. Highschool dropouts, college graduates, high school graduates, and people with little college education all sa w a difference in drop (Greg Anrig, Tova Andrea Wang, 2004). Highschool dropouts had a drop of 8. 9% in wages, college graduates had a drop of 4. 9%, high school graduates had a drop of 2. %, and the change for people with some college was very minima (Greg Anrig, Tova Andrea Wang, 2004)l. At the end of the day most economists can come to the conclusion that immigration had dropped wages of American citizens with little or no education or skill, but for the rest of the American workers the impact shows very minimal to no effect at all (Greg Anrig, Tova Andrea Wang, 2004). Immigration and the Economy vi Immigration and the Economy vi Although immigrants do reduce wages for the less educated and unskilled the wages do not just disappear, but rather they get passed down by employers (Steven A. Camarota, 2005). Employers now use that money saved by cheap labor to give increased wages to the more educated and/or to keep in more profit (Steven A. Camarota, 2005). The National Research Council, in a 1997 study entitled The New Americans, estimated that immigration reduced the wages of workers with less that a high school degree by about 5 percent. These workers roughly correspond to the poorest 10 percent of the workforce. (Steven A. Camarota, 2005) Although it decreases wages for 10 percent of the workforce it causes gains for 90 percent of the other workers (Steven A. Camarota, 2005). Although, the impact is still very small on the educated workers due to the fact that because the workers at the end of the labor market make such low wages it only increases everyone elses wages very minimally (Steven A. Camarota, 2005). Increased Supply of Immigrant Workers When it comes to immigration, the myth is that immigrants are taking American Jobs because they are more willing to take lower wages and more work hours compared to Americans. This leads to less jobs going to Americans and more jobs going to the new immigrants looking for any job they can get. Yes it is good for business but the downside is that original US citizens get the lower end of the stick and have to deal with being out of work because immigrants are willing to â€Å"work for less† (Camarota, 2009) . But since they need to make money they are going after same jobs American natives which are â€Å"often thought to be majority immigrant are in fact majority native† (Camarota, 2009). A Immigration and the Economy vii Immigration and the Economy vii study showed that, â€Å"Between March of 2000 and 2004, the number of unemployed adult natives increased by 2. 3 million, while the number of employed adult immigrants increased by 2. million† (Camarota, 2004). That means all the unemployed adult natives is equal to amount of immigrants getting jobs and it was also found that half of those immigrants were from illegal immigration. With illegal immigration, these people are able to live in the U. S. under the radar and look for jobs which most people ha te doing. This might not seem as a problem but these hinder American businesses from growing because most of these jobs include house construction and gardening and these immigrants are willing to work for a cheap wage so it will be harder for an American business that does the same services to compete. Another statistic was that â€Å"the 900,000 net increase in jobs between March 2003 and 2004, two-thirds went to immigrant workers† (Camarota, 2004). While it may not seem like a big difference, two thirds being immigrants shows the competition Americans now have for even the most simplest jobs These declines in native jobs were more seen in states where there was a higher increase in immigrations and of these states it included â€Å"Los Angeles, Washington, D. C. , Dallas, Houston, New York, and Seattle† (Camarota, 2004). These locations are usually where immigrants go to because they are close to countries such as Mexico or even overseas such as England and other European countries. It was shown, â€Å"Between 2000 and 2004, the number of natives not working increased by nearly four million, from 30. 8 million to 34. 8 million† (Camarota, 2004). With that statistic, it shows that with the increase in immigration more Americans are losing their jobs. With the decrease of American natives losing jobs, it also affects the American teen’s chances for getting jobs. Most teens look for jobs in retail or a department store such as a Wal-Mart. Studies show that â€Å"immigrants and teenagers often do the same kind of work† (Camarota, 2010) which means American teens have a harder chance of landing a job because immigrants are going for the same jobs. If you take a look these days, there are not that many teens working in these retail stores and these jobs are going towards older people, which mainly are immigrants. Knowing that fact that teens aren’t seen working as much, the statistic of â€Å"the number of U. S. -born teenagers not in the labor force increased from 4. million in 1994 to 8. 1 million in 2007. In the summer of 2009 it stood at 8. 8 million† (Camarota, 2010). The teen unemployment is â€Å"similar for U. S. -born teenagers from both high- and low-income households† which shows that immigration has a significant effect on all American Native teens and not just certain households. While many teens are stil l going to school and are starting college, â€Å"the fall-off in employment is similar for those in school and those who are not† (Camarota, 2010) so being in school or not doesn’t affect their chances of getting jobs. Even though this is good for immigrants it’s heavily impacting teens that are looking for jobs to make some money for themselves or maybe for even school. Over the past decade it was seen that â€Å"in occupations where teenage employment declined the most, immigrants made significant job gains† (Camarota, 2010). This shows that immigration has a heavy impact on the employment rates of Americans especially on American teenagers because they are both going for the same jobs. Immigration and the Economy viii Immigration and the Economy viii Immigration and Race Effects on Employment Ethnicity plays a big factor in wages and employment in the United States. Many jobs have been affected with immigration being a big problem in America. Even though Immigration and the Economy ix Immigration and the Economy ix it is a big problem, some jobs have not been affected with immigration. Middle level jobs and low level jobs are taking the hit for wages and employment with different ethnicities trying to be hired. â€Å"For service-related and professional workers, immigration has had little impact on wages. If anything, increases in the number of newly arriving immigrants actually have slightly positive effects† (Anvig, 2004). Other jobs such as manual laborers have no change on wages since it has no effect on ethnicity. â€Å"Your level of education has more of an effect on your salary than your race, gender, ethnicity, citizenship, English-speaking ability or location† (Gordon, 2011). The type of degree an individual has plays big factor on your employment and wages. For example, the higher degree the person has, the higher change of getting a big pay in the job that he or she is occupying. Ethnicity and sex also play a part in employment and wages but overall the type of degree a person has is what makes a difference. â€Å"Women in the most economically advantaged race groups, white and Asian, earn less than men in the most economically disadvantaged race and ethnic groups, black and Hispanic. † (Gordon 2011) Even though race plays a factor, a person’s sex is also a big factor on employment and wages. For example, White males and Asian males get the most on employment with $5 million when they have high-level education degrees. After White and Asian males, Asian women with a professional degree and White males with a Ph. D receive about $3. 7 million dollars. A black man with a professional degree earns a few more than an average white man with a master’s degree of about $3. 5 million dollars. â€Å"A white woman and a Hispanic man with professional degrees earn a little less than him ($3. 2 million and $3. 1 million, respectively)† (Gordon, 2011). Hispanic women and black women are at the bottom of the list for employment and wages. A white man’s bachelor’s degree is equivalent to a black woman’s professional degree of $2. million dollars. Followed by a Hispanic woman with a professional degree who acquires about 2. 3 million dollars which is the equivalent of a white male who has a degree from a community college. Although education is makes a difference, many immigrants such as Hispanics, Asians, Indians, and any other race take over low level jobs that don’t a d egree or high level educations. Many follow a certain path they were raised as a child into adulthood from their culture or family background. Certain ethnicities have a stereotype of occupy certain jobs in the United States. For example, Hispanics occupy maid service or lawn mowing. Asians take over donut shops, nail salons, and dry cleaners. While Middle Easterns occupy gas stations and do taxi driving. Overall, ethnicity and sex play a big factor in employment and wages. Not everyone gets the same treatment from different companies and jobs. Each job can vary on employment for different ethnicities; location also plays a big factor for employment. For example, a person in a Hispanic/Asian/White/Black and that is bilingual has a higher chance of being hired. This is because it is very easy to communicate with a specific race and help with the company and opportunities. Immigration and the Economy x Immigration and the Economy x Companies hire certain individuals to help create business and opportunities for others. Due to this, certain ethnicities may be able to get a high pay than other races since a business may be dominated by an ethnicity. Despite education being the main factor on employment and wages for a business or company, ethnicity also plays a factor as well. A company wants to send a message and have a good representation with their employment. But at the same time, they must hire different races to not be racist to the community. Education, Sex, and ethnicity all play a role in employment and wages. It’s like a triangle, it all works together you need the other two if you try to specifically stick to one of the components. In today’s world, white males are the leaders in employment and wages due to their high education and personal preferences of companies. Even though it’s racist, it’s a common thing that’s happening all the time in America. Unlike other countries they have a dominated race and it will be vice versa where white males will be icked less due to the unavailability of speaking two languages. Immigration and the Economy xi Immigration and the Economy xi Summary There are many aspects of U. S employment that immigration affects. One of these aspects is that the increase of immigration less Americans are able to find jobs. Immigrants are taking jobs from the uneducated or lower class workforce, which would consist of college students and late teenagers. Another factor of immigration’s effect on employment would be race and sex of the immigrants coming into the United States. For example, a Hispanic woman from Mexico would more likely be working as a maid or a cleaning lady because of their Hispanic heritage the women in the household are always cleaning, therefore they are more fit for this job than native citizens. Education is another element that is affected by immigration. Uneducated workers wages have gone down because of immigration in the last decade. Education is an important factor in immigration because it creates a clear barrier between the natives and the immigrants. Finally, wages are ultimately affected by immigration greatly. In the lower area of the job market, which comprise of the poor, uneducated, or college students, the wages have decreased within the last couple of years. Since immigrants are willing to work for lower wages, many business owners are more eager to hire illegal immigrants over native college students or struggling citizens. Ultimately U. S employment has been critically impacted due to immigration. Immigration and the Economy xii Immigration and the Economy xii References Camarota, S. 2005, November 16). The Impact of Immigration on the American Workforce. Center for Immigration Studies. Retrieved September 18, 2012, from http://www. cis. org/node/553 Camarota, S. (2004, October). A Jobless Recovery? Immigrant Gains and Native Losses. Center For Immigration Studies. Retrieved September 18, 2012, from http://www. cis. org/articles/2004/back1104. html Greg Anrig (28, September 2004). Immigration, Jobs, and the American Econ omy. [ONLINE] Available at: http://tcf. org/publications/2004/9/pb491. [Last Accessed 19, September 2012]. Giovanni Peri (10, August 2010). The Effect of Immigrants on U. S. Employment and Productivity. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. frbsf. org/publications/economics/letter/2010/el2010-26. html. [Last Accessed19, Sep 2012]. Steven A. Camarota (November 2009). Immigration’s Impact on U. S. Workers. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. cis. org/node/1582. [Last Accessed 18 September 2012]. Steven A. Camarota, Karen Zeigler (May 2010). A Drought of Summer Jobs: Immigration and the Long-Term Decline in Employment Among U. S. -Born Teenagers. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. is. org/teen-unemployment. [Last Accessed 18 September 2012]. Greg Anvig, Tova Andrea Wang (2004). Immigration, Jobs and the American Economy. [ONLINE] Available at: http://tcf. org/publications/2004/9/pb491. [Last Accessed September 18, 2012]. Immigration and the Economy xiii Immigration and the Economy xiii Micheal Greenstone, Adam Looney (2012). What Immigration Means For U. S. Employment and Wages. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. brookings. edu/blogs/jobs/posts/2012/05/04-jobs-greenstone-looney. [Last Accessed September 19,2012].